Collagen

COLLAGEN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Proteins are the most diverse class of biological molecules. Most of your body is made up of proteins. Each protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains, in which amino acids are strung together in a specific order. This amino acid sequence or 'primary structure' is the key to the shape and function of the protein. Interactions among different amino acids along the length of the polypeptide chain cause it to coil, bend, and fold into a complex shape.  Some proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains. In many cases, the polypeptide chains form a rounded or globular shape. Most enzymes are like this, as is the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin molecule. In other cases, polypeptide chains form long strands or sheets. These fibrous proteins are often structural components, such as keratin and collagen.

Activity

In this activity, you will explore the structure and function of collagen, the most abundant protein in the human body. You will begin by visiting a Protein Data Bank site, where the structure of collagen is described and illustrated in a "Molecule of the Month" feature. Next, you will research the effects of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a genetic disorder that affects the structure or number of collagen molecules.

Part 1.

Use your browser to go to

Find the link in the middle of the page to “previous features” under the molecule of the month section.  Click there to find the article on collagen in the alphabeticall listing of molecules.

Read the information and view the graphics. Use this information to answer the following questions:

1. Describe the primary structure of collagen. What are the major amino acid components?

The primary action is to strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Every third acid is glycine.

2. What role does vitamin C play in collagen formation? What happens when a person does not get enough vitamin C in his or her diet?

Hydroxyproline is made. If a person doesn’t have enough vitamin c they devolop scurvy

3. Describe the quaternary structure of collagen (the way in which the polypeptide chains are arranged).

Collegen is arranged in a triple helix. Every third amino acid is glycine

Part 2.

Use your browser to go to the Web site of the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Foundation at

On the left side of the home page, click the link “About OI”, then find the “Facts About OI” section.

Read the material in the sections entitled "Facts on Osteogenesis Imperfecta” and “Types of OI.” Use what you have learned to answer the following questions:

1. What is the main symptom of osteogenesis imperfecta?  What are some other symptoms that people with OI may have?

The main sympton is fragile bones. They also have muscle weakness, hearing loss, fatigue, joint laxity, curved bones, scoliosis, blue sclerae, dentinogenesis imperfecta (brittle teeth), and short stature. Restrictive pulmonary disease occurs in more severely affected people.

2. Type I osteogenesis imperfecta causes fewer problems than the other forms. How does the collagen structure in Type I OI differ from that of the other types?

Type one is caused by mutation to type 1 collegen, while

Others is caused by mutations of the cartilage-associated protein

Read the handout in the resources section on Bone Structure (opens in Acrobat Reader).

1. Describe the role of collagen in bones. Why do collagen problems lead to bone problems?

  Collagen helps make bones healthy and strong.  Collagen is like rebar in a concrete wall. It strenghthens it. If there wasn’t any rebar in the wall then it would be weak.

Young at heart article post

http://discovermagazine.com/2006/feb/young-hearts/?searchterm=protein

This article was about Researchers at the university of Michigan figuring out a way to help people with heart disease but literally making the heart younger. There is two different kinds of troponin I protein the fetal version and the adult version. the fetal version is for at handling stress because of all the stress at child birth. The adult type allows our hearts to react to the fight or flight response but it shuts off in heart failure. What they did was joined the two proteins together so now they react to the fight or flight response and are keep working under heart failure.

I thought this article was interesting because my family has a history of heart disease and it would be great if there was something they could do to stop it. If this new therapy works then It might be able to stop it. They said it will be several years before its ready to be used for gene therapy, but this article was written in 2006 so they might be close now. There haven't been any updates about it so far. When they find something out about it i will have to tell my family. It might save theirs and other peoples lives.

Carbohydrates lab

I really enjoyed this lab. It was cool to see what kind of sugars were in the food i eat. for example double bubble bubble gum, the gum that i always chew has monosaccarides in it, Same with skittles.

 

To find this out first we had to crush up the food we were testing and mix it with water in a beaker. Then we had to separate the substance between two different test tubes one we put iodine into and put it back into the rack. The other we mixed Benedict's solution into and put it into boiling water. After a minute we took the Benedict's solution out of the boiling water and put it into the rack with the iodine.

 

When the lab was over the Monosaccarides had a bright orange Benedict's solution and a clear brown iodine. The disaccharides had a Light blue Benedict's solution and a clear brown iodine. the polysaccharides had no change in the Benedict's solution and a dark brown iodine.

I learned a lot in this lab. But one thing i  was still wondering about is why does the iodine change the polysaccharides so much and the monosaccaride just a little.  But i figured it out now.

Acids bases and PH level

I really enjoyed the antacid lab. It was fun to find out how antacids work and watch them work. Antacids work by turning the acid in your stomach into a base or more basic then it was. Anti-acids work by taking the hydrogen atoms from the stomach acid and makes a molecule using the hydrogen. On the PH scale acids are lower and bases are higher. the PH scale goes up to 14 which is the most basic which would be cleaner and down to 1 which would be like battery acid. 7 is neutral for example water. Something is an acid when it has more negative parts than positive.  Something is a base when the positive parts outnumber the negative parts. This what I have learned from the antacid lab. See My post tums and such for the lab results.

water, water, water

water, water, water, water is everywhere. Water takes up more then 70% of the earth. That is 400 billion-billion Gallons of water on earth. that's a lot of water. water has many different properties Adhesion, Cohesion, Solvent, Specific heat, and surface tension. 

First there is adhesion it is the attractive force between molecules in one phase  and different molecules in another phase. Adhesion is what made it so we could move water from one cup over 3.4 meters to another cup. To do this we held the cup with the water up in the the air. then we poured it down a tight string to another cup. The molecules in the string and the molecules in the water stuck together and made it possible for the water to slide down the string to the other cup.


Next there is cohesion. Cohesion is the attractive forces between similar molecules in the same phase. Cohesion is what made it possible to stack 55 drops of water on one penny before it started flowing off the penny. There was a huge bubble on the penny and it was hanging over the edge of the penny but cohesion caused The water molecules to  stick together so it didn't fall over the edge. Another property that made putting 55 drops of water on one penny possible is surface tension. Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force.

Another is solvent. A solvent is a liquid which dissolves another substance without any change in its chemical composition. Hydrophilic is water loving. it will dissolve in water. hydrophobic is water fearing. It will not dissolve in water. For example oil. Oil will not dissolve in water it just floats on top. that's why the bp oil spill was so serious. If oil was water loving the oil spill wouldn't be a problem.

The last property of water is Specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a 1 gram sample of water by one degree celsius. This makes it so the temperature in the ocean doesn't change from night and day.

tums and such

Hi how are you. I'm good. what are you up to? I'm writing this blog. . . today i learned about double blind study. That is a clinical trial that both the doctors and the patient don't know who got the real drug and who got the placebo. A placebo is a sugar pill they give people in the study as the control. the control is the variable that doesn't change. So you walk into an office with a friend for A clinical study for an male pattern hair loss drug. They give both of you some pills that you have to take each day. After a week you hang out again one of you nothing is happening. The other is freaking out because he is seeing things but his hair is looking nice. Who got the real drug and who got the placebo? The guy who got the placebo is the one that nothing is happening too. The other guy got the real drug. The doctors will look at this for the results of the study to find the drug works but it makes you see things.